Digital Divide

Digital divide is defined as the distance between those with access to the internet and those without. Digital Divide is a problem that stretches to all corners of the world. It affects not only people here in the U. S. but also countries across the globe. Two questions have to be asked in all this. The first is â€Å"Does the Digital Divide really exist? † and the second is â€Å"What is the real impact of the Digital Divide? † The idea of Digital Divide did not come into play until the early 1990’s with the passage by then President Bill Clinton of the High Performance Computing Act.What this act did was to provide funding for a high speed fiber optic network which would go on to become the internet that we use today. This enabled home computers to become more useful which in turn caused the number of personal computers in the U. S to skyrocket to over ten million in a five year period. (Rapaport, 2009) In all this a new department in the Clinton Administration was formed, The National Telecommunications and Information Administration. The NTIA is the President’s main advisor on information and telecommunication and was co-founded by Albert Hammond, a White House aide. Rapaport, 2009) It was Hammond in addition to NTIA administrator Larry Irving that came up with the phrase â€Å"Digital Divide† This phrase eventually began to appear in then V. P Al Gore’s speeches. As time went on, computer and internet prices began to fall. With these falling prices came the idea that the Digital Divide was closing. The new presidential administration did not have as great an interest in digital access and eventually â€Å"Digital Divide† became â€Å"Digital Inclusion. † The NTIA was eventually downgraded and its budget taken away. These actions eventually and effectively ended the NTIAThe question of it the Digital Divide is real can be answered by looking at the numbers, A report done by the Pew Research Center show s that one in five American adults does not use the internet, with senior citizens, those with less than a high school education and lower income adults being the least likely to have access to the internet. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) Americans with disabilities are even less likely to use the internet. Nearly half of those that do not go online say that don’t because they do not feel the internet is relevant to them.One thing that is helping to bridge the digital divide is the ever changing face of mobile technology. With the face of mobile technology changing at a rapid pace, those that were on the other side of the digital divide are now able to go online. Out of those groups, young adults, minorities, those with no college experience and lower income adults are more likely to use their smart phone as a main source of internet access. Internet use has grown greatly among U. S adults. In a span of 16 year, June 1995 to Jan 2011, internet use among those 18 and over has gone fro m just 14% to 78%. Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) In these numbers the line is still senior citizens, minorities, and low income as those less likely to have online access. A majority of those that do not use the internet feel they do not need it or are cautious of new technology. The difference between 2000 and 2011 is significant. In June of 2000 only 50% of American adults used the internet. That number jumped to 80% in 2011. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2011) A household’s income plays a factor in internet use as well. In August 20111 only 62% of households with income less that $30,000 use the internet.When you compare these numbers to those making over $75,000 that have an internet usage of 97%, the Digital Divide is evident. The gap between whites and minorities is quickly disappearing. There are still some differences in internet access but they have become less noticeable and in some cases have disappeared all together. The strongest negative predictors for internet use are not race or g ender, instead those factors now include seniors (those age 65 and older), low income (under $20,000), and lack of a high school education.Among these groups there have been some increases in internet use, but there is still a gray area for some such as seniors. Even though those 65 and over are less likely to use the internet, 41% now do go online. (Smith, Zickhur, 2012) The reasons that adults do not use the internet vary. In the year 2000, 54% of American adults felt that the internet was a dangerous thing. This feeling was especially true among seniors and individuals with less than a high school education. Research also show that 39% that that access to the internet cost to much and 36% found the internet confusing and difficult to se. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) More recent research shows the biggest reason of not going online is the do not feel the internet is relevant to them. 48% do not want to use it or feel that do not need it to get the information they need. A majority of no n-users have never use the internet before and have no one in the household that does know how to use it. Only a very small percentage one in ten, are interested in using it in the future. One thing that is changing the Digital Divide is mobile technology as mentioned above. Currently 88% of Americans age 18 and over have a cell phone.With mobile technology expanding, 63% of American adults use a mobile device- Laptop, tablet computer, e-book reader, cell phone- to go online. The rise in mobile devices has caused a noticeable mobile difference. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) A person becomes more active using the internet once they get a mobile device. Of the mobile devices, smartphones are becoming more widely used than basic cell phones. Among American adults 46% now has a smartphone. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) There are groups that have greater levels of smartphone use such as higher income, well educated and those under age 50.These groups also have higher rates of technology use. Younger a dults (under age 30) do have a higher than average level of smartphone use no matter their income or education. Those younger adults with only a high school education or less are actually more likely to own a smartphone than older adults (age 50 and over) who have gone to college. The same holds true for income, young adults in the lower income bracket (under $30,000) are more likely to have a smartphone than older adults in the higher income bracket. Among these users, 25% say they use their smartphone as their main source of internet access.Smartphones are helping to bridge the Digital Divide. Computer sales during the holidays fell for the first time in 5 years as gadget use such as smartphones grows. According to Walker Sands a digital marketing agency, 23% of total global website visits came from mobile devices which is up from 17% in the 3rd quarter. (Leonard, 2013 These numbers show how big the shift is to how people connect. Former President Bill Clinton said in a key note s peech at the Consumer Electronics Show â€Å"Mobile Technology is doing so much now to lift the poor. Smartphones are a much cheaper way for internet access and the capabilities that go along with it such as mobile banking and social media. The smartphone is a unique item when it comes to personal technology and the Digital Divide. At the same time it represents the cutting edge of technology. It is of course the choice for people of any economic class as the most economical and efficient way to connect in an age where getting on the internet ranks up there as a top priority right below food, shelter and water.The Digital Divide will most likely always be there but with modern mobile technology it appears to be shrinking. It does affect people not only here in the United States but also people across the globe. If you look at recent technology and the future, the implications are without a doubt very fascinating. What would happen if everyone had an affordable computer in their poc ket or purse? What about the balance or more correctly imbalance of political power? All of this seems uncertain but the possibilities are endless.One thing that is certain, the Digital Divide will always exist. There will always be those that just cannot afford it in any form. There will always be that that just do not find the internet relevant in their lives. There will also be those that want to use the internet but don’t know how. The question that remains is â€Å"How much can we bridge the Digital Divide? † That question may never be fully answered. References Arnold , B. (2007 , Feb). Caslon analytics digital divides. Retrieved from www. caslon. com. au/dividesprofile1. tm Enger , J. (2011, June). Closing the digital divide. Retrieved from www. huffingtonpost. com/john/m-enger/economic-survival-in-the-_b_871575. html Leonard, A. (2013, Jan). Retrieved from www. salon. com/2013/01/11/smartphones_bust_up_the_digital_divide Rapaport, R. (2009, October). A short hi story of the digital divide. Retrieved from www. edutopia. org/digital-generation-divide-connectivity Smith , A. , & Zickuhr, K. (2012, April 13). Digital differences. Retrieved from http://pewinternet. org/reports/2012/digital-differences-aspx Digital Divide Digital divide is defined as the distance between those with access to the internet and those without. Digital Divide is a problem that stretches to all corners of the world. It affects not only people here in the U. S. but also countries across the globe. Two questions have to be asked in all this. The first is â€Å"Does the Digital Divide really exist? † and the second is â€Å"What is the real impact of the Digital Divide? † The idea of Digital Divide did not come into play until the early 1990’s with the passage by then President Bill Clinton of the High Performance Computing Act.What this act did was to provide funding for a high speed fiber optic network which would go on to become the internet that we use today. This enabled home computers to become more useful which in turn caused the number of personal computers in the U. S to skyrocket to over ten million in a five year period. (Rapaport, 2009) In all this a new department in the Clinton Administration was formed, The National Telecommunications and Information Administration. The NTIA is the President’s main advisor on information and telecommunication and was co-founded by Albert Hammond, a White House aide. Rapaport, 2009) It was Hammond in addition to NTIA administrator Larry Irving that came up with the phrase â€Å"Digital Divide† This phrase eventually began to appear in then V. P Al Gore’s speeches. As time went on, computer and internet prices began to fall. With these falling prices came the idea that the Digital Divide was closing. The new presidential administration did not have as great an interest in digital access and eventually â€Å"Digital Divide† became â€Å"Digital Inclusion. † The NTIA was eventually downgraded and its budget taken away. These actions eventually and effectively ended the NTIAThe question of it the Digital Divide is real can be answered by looking at the numbers, A report done by the Pew Research Center show s that one in five American adults does not use the internet, with senior citizens, those with less than a high school education and lower income adults being the least likely to have access to the internet. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) Americans with disabilities are even less likely to use the internet. Nearly half of those that do not go online say that don’t because they do not feel the internet is relevant to them.One thing that is helping to bridge the digital divide is the ever changing face of mobile technology. With the face of mobile technology changing at a rapid pace, those that were on the other side of the digital divide are now able to go online. Out of those groups, young adults, minorities, those with no college experience and lower income adults are more likely to use their smart phone as a main source of internet access. Internet use has grown greatly among U. S adults. In a span of 16 year, June 1995 to Jan 2011, internet use among those 18 and over has gone fro m just 14% to 78%. Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) In these numbers the line is still senior citizens, minorities, and low income as those less likely to have online access. A majority of those that do not use the internet feel they do not need it or are cautious of new technology. The difference between 2000 and 2011 is significant. In June of 2000 only 50% of American adults used the internet. That number jumped to 80% in 2011. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2011) A household’s income plays a factor in internet use as well. In August 20111 only 62% of households with income less that $30,000 use the internet.When you compare these numbers to those making over $75,000 that have an internet usage of 97%, the Digital Divide is evident. The gap between whites and minorities is quickly disappearing. There are still some differences in internet access but they have become less noticeable and in some cases have disappeared all together. The strongest negative predictors for internet use are not race or g ender, instead those factors now include seniors (those age 65 and older), low income (under $20,000), and lack of a high school education.Among these groups there have been some increases in internet use, but there is still a gray area for some such as seniors. Even though those 65 and over are less likely to use the internet, 41% now do go online. (Smith, Zickhur, 2012) The reasons that adults do not use the internet vary. In the year 2000, 54% of American adults felt that the internet was a dangerous thing. This feeling was especially true among seniors and individuals with less than a high school education. Research also show that 39% that that access to the internet cost to much and 36% found the internet confusing and difficult to se. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) More recent research shows the biggest reason of not going online is the do not feel the internet is relevant to them. 48% do not want to use it or feel that do not need it to get the information they need. A majority of no n-users have never use the internet before and have no one in the household that does know how to use it. Only a very small percentage one in ten, are interested in using it in the future. One thing that is changing the Digital Divide is mobile technology as mentioned above. Currently 88% of Americans age 18 and over have a cell phone.With mobile technology expanding, 63% of American adults use a mobile device- Laptop, tablet computer, e-book reader, cell phone- to go online. The rise in mobile devices has caused a noticeable mobile difference. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) A person becomes more active using the internet once they get a mobile device. Of the mobile devices, smartphones are becoming more widely used than basic cell phones. Among American adults 46% now has a smartphone. (Smith, Zickuhr, 2012) There are groups that have greater levels of smartphone use such as higher income, well educated and those under age 50.These groups also have higher rates of technology use. Younger a dults (under age 30) do have a higher than average level of smartphone use no matter their income or education. Those younger adults with only a high school education or less are actually more likely to own a smartphone than older adults (age 50 and over) who have gone to college. The same holds true for income, young adults in the lower income bracket (under $30,000) are more likely to have a smartphone than older adults in the higher income bracket. Among these users, 25% say they use their smartphone as their main source of internet access.Smartphones are helping to bridge the Digital Divide. Computer sales during the holidays fell for the first time in 5 years as gadget use such as smartphones grows. According to Walker Sands a digital marketing agency, 23% of total global website visits came from mobile devices which is up from 17% in the 3rd quarter. (Leonard, 2013 These numbers show how big the shift is to how people connect. Former President Bill Clinton said in a key note s peech at the Consumer Electronics Show â€Å"Mobile Technology is doing so much now to lift the poor. Smartphones are a much cheaper way for internet access and the capabilities that go along with it such as mobile banking and social media. The smartphone is a unique item when it comes to personal technology and the Digital Divide. At the same time it represents the cutting edge of technology. It is of course the choice for people of any economic class as the most economical and efficient way to connect in an age where getting on the internet ranks up there as a top priority right below food, shelter and water.The Digital Divide will most likely always be there but with modern mobile technology it appears to be shrinking. It does affect people not only here in the United States but also people across the globe. If you look at recent technology and the future, the implications are without a doubt very fascinating. What would happen if everyone had an affordable computer in their poc ket or purse? What about the balance or more correctly imbalance of political power? All of this seems uncertain but the possibilities are endless.One thing that is certain, the Digital Divide will always exist. There will always be those that just cannot afford it in any form. There will always be that that just do not find the internet relevant in their lives. There will also be those that want to use the internet but don’t know how. The question that remains is â€Å"How much can we bridge the Digital Divide? † That question may never be fully answered. References Arnold , B. (2007 , Feb). Caslon analytics digital divides. Retrieved from www. caslon. com. au/dividesprofile1. tm Enger , J. (2011, June). Closing the digital divide. Retrieved from www. huffingtonpost. com/john/m-enger/economic-survival-in-the-_b_871575. html Leonard, A. (2013, Jan). Retrieved from www. salon. com/2013/01/11/smartphones_bust_up_the_digital_divide Rapaport, R. (2009, October). A short hi story of the digital divide. Retrieved from www. edutopia. org/digital-generation-divide-connectivity Smith , A. , & Zickuhr, K. (2012, April 13). Digital differences. Retrieved from http://pewinternet. org/reports/2012/digital-differences-aspx

Modern Art Essay

After viewing Georg Baselitz’s Auftritt am Sandtreich II – bei (Remix), and Cindy Sherman’s Untitled #224, one can see two very different artists trying to convey a topic that is relatable on many levels. George Baselitz is a German Neo-Expressionist, while Cindy Sherman created work in the American, Metro Pictures genre yet both have chosen to â€Å"remix† the past into new and somewhat inherent images of the day. One can relate to these images on the basis of recognition, and interpretation of the cultural meanings of the time. Both artists have chosen to give the audience snapshots of their past, Sherman with the 1950’s women’s rights movement, and Baselitz portrayal of a post-World War II Germany. The images selected are form a more modern era, Baselitz-2006 than Sherman-1990, and it is interesting to see the changes from the work of the 1980s. Baselitz became famous for turning his paintings upside-down to shift the viewer’s focus away from the subject matter to the expressive surface. In his later work, though, the inverted subject matter indeed seems to be the focus, deliberately so in order to effectively portray the image after years of contemplation and healing. Sherman’s later work is similar in stance, but is a colored photographic interpretation of Caravaggio’s Sick Bacchus portrait. One can make the comparison that both artists have overcome adversity, and their imagery conveys a message of hope and promise stemming from difficulty. Georg Baselitz, Auftritt am Sandtreich II – bei + 30 C (Remix), 2006 Oil on canvas http://www.ecopolis.org/georg-baselitz-remix-paintings/ Georg Baselitz grew up in Germany during WWII, a time of unrest and ever changing cultural norms. This makes sense, as Baselitz himself moved from East to West Germany as a youth living in Germany through the reunification of the Nineties. In Auftritt am Sandtreich II – bei (Remix), Baselitz has revisited the most challenging aspects of his own history, with hindsight, and made a brand new version of the art. Not only were the paintings enlarged, they were also revisited with bright colors and bold lines. When one looks at the work, one can see an inverted soldier’s legs extending into the bright scenery of chunked color. The transparency of the soldier seems to indicate that this is an image of the past, with the ghostly interpretation of faded color. One can conclude that Baselitz has forgiven the transgressions of the war torn society, and views it now as a faded memory that has shaped him into the person he is today. While the image is still vaguely gruesome with the soldier’s splattered outline, implying death, it still somehow looks through that to a brighter day on the horizon. The pallet is very bright, and the canvas is mammoth, almost swallowing the viewer up in its scale. The subject matter does not possess any formal qualities of realism or training, but does follow in Baselitz’s tradition of inversion and loose brushwork. Baselitz has revisited many of his earlier works, and challenged his previous discern of modernism. Cindy Sherman, Untitled #224. 1990Chromogenic color print, 48 x 38†³ (121.9 x 96.5 cm). http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2012/cindysherman/gallery/audio/8-224.php In Cindy Sherman’s Untitled #224, she has transcended her Metro Photo roleplaying into the work of Caravaggio’s Sick Bacchus, the painting from the late 16th century. This photograph is drastically different form the rest of the Untitled series due to the strong makeup, and use of prosthetics to become male. The emasculated arm is a well done prosthetic to illuminate the male form. The arm is one of the only parts of the staging that is inconsistent with the original painting. The figure in Caravaggio’s painting is more feminine than that of Sherman, slightly ironic. The costuming is consistent with Sherman’s other works, with exact attention to detail and accurate props. Caravaggio’s painting is thought to be a self-portrait of the artist as the Roman god of wine, Bacchus. Sherman was very interested in addressing the roles of women, and challenging society’s views on the subject, which at the time were primarily negative. Sherman’s Untitled #224 depicts a female in the role of a Greek god, which is not only a figure of power and celebration, but also a spiritual entity. As American culture was shifting towards equality in the 1950’s, Sherman’s work helped viewers to take on new roles otherwise unexplored by women. The implications were not only remixed to force a message, they were also liberating to women in a time of need. Both Baselitz and Sherman’s work sample information from the past. Both works reflect on their own cultural heritage with a moving awareness to historical events that they have experienced. So if one views these works in a Postmodernist standpoint the viewer is acknowledged to be an active participant in an explicit dialogue between the artist, the artwork, oneself, and one’s cultural context. Sherman’s Untitled #224 allows women to interact with the work in a comical and almost satirical way. Even though one should not take women’s rights lightly, nor denounce the impact that it has had on American culture, viewers of this work can role-play along with Sherman. It is an interesting choice of role-playing as Caravaggio’s interpretation of Sick Bocchus portrays a frail and hung-over drunkard as his subject. Sherman’s choice of subject matter can say that if a woman were in this position she would be strong and handle it with poise. Sherman does not seem to be concerned with feedback from viewers, but rather interested in conveying a message in a new way. Baselitz has allowed the influence of time and criticism to heighten his awareness of change and fashion a new outlook on an old subject matter. Postmodern viewers can more readily relate to the remix works as they lend themselves to a brighter pallet, a post war recover of sorts. Society and culture always has a way of persevering out of trial and adversity, and both of their artworks convey that message of hope and promise.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 33

Management - Essay Example These policies include providing the products at affordable prices, offering nutritional education, conducting community outreach projects, and offering adequate customer care services (Raphael 31). The policy of improving nutritional education is appropriate in the implementation of other strategies because it ensures that the local communities learn the benefits of healthy eating. This will significantly reduce risk factors for health problems such as obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The company achieves this through the organization of education seminars, for both consumers and future clients, which educates about the benefits of genetically engineered food products (Raphael 33). This policy is significant because it has facilitated the implementation of public awareness campaigns. The provision of distinct, but satisfying customer care services, in a well-organized and shopper-friendly manner, is a policy that aims at implementing strategies that focus on improving company-to-customer relationships. This ensures that potential customers are retained and maintained. These customers, in turn, participate in improving the quality of products through offering scientific-based pieces of advice (Raphael 39). This policy has also enhanced the hiring the hiring of professional nutritionists who also help in improving the quality of the firm’s products. The company also has a policy that focuses on ensuring the provision of standards of high quality dietary supplements, organic and natural products, which cover a number of purposes. This policy is significant in ensuring that strategies that target customer satisfaction are formulated and implemented. This also gives store managers opportunities to stock their groceries with different natural and organic produc ts that are in-line with the community’s tastes and preferences (Raphael 44). Lastly, the firm has a strategy of flexible investment in real estate. This

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Reflection - Essay Example ion, oil and other consumer products such as Band-Aid, Neutrogena, Listerine and Tylenol have proven, time and again, that they are safe to use and that they were manufactured to serve the needs and demands of consumers who are health-conscious and sensitive. As such, Johnson & Johnson’s management effectively thought of the â€Å"why† factor first which is to cater first to serving and addressing the health needs and well-being of their customers, more than others. Thinking about the â€Å"why† factor in my own life, people can understand my â€Å"why† without actually telling them through manifesting my personal beliefs, values and philosophies in the actions and behavior that is seen by others. For example, if I firmly believe in exhibiting just and fair treatment to others, despite diversity in cultural, ethnic, or racial backgrounds, I should be able to show equal and just treatment to all through communicating and interacting with other people in a respectful and congenial manner at all times. Likewise, the message that my â€Å"why† of leadership would focus on exhibiting traits and leadership style that would be an inspiration to others and would make them equally inspiring to those they meet. This would necessitate adhering to ethical, moral and legal codes of conduct and behavior that show genuine commitment and respect to valuing the development and growth of people I lead. In doing so, these followers would be enjoined to emulate my leadership style and assist in sharing and applying that inspiring style to others. The same message would be relayed to people who are supervising me. When they see that I could be an inspiration to my followers through the ethical, moral and legal standards of leading others; then, hopefully, they would also be inspired to follow the same style in leading. A simple example of a time in my life when I believe my actions were inspiring to others is by showing dedication and commitment in attaining exemplary academic

Economics of the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Economics of the Environment - Essay Example Particular issues include the cost and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, and toxic substances, Solid waste, and global warming (Hanely, Shogern & White, 2001). Some of the major projects, which have substantial environmental impacts, is Afforestation of Surplus agricultural land, hydroelectric schemes, Building, or widening roads, constructing a new Airport and Manufacturing cars. All the above projects are likely to generate substantial Environmental costs and/or benefits, and they can be considered as Potential Investment. Potential Investment: A Potential Investment can be defined as the Investment made by an investor for growth (profit) of his/her investments in a firm or in a project. Investors look for evidence that, we can really produce growth in our project, and they look for three important things before investing, excellent growth potential, exceptional return on investment, up to 25% to 45% and a way to get their mon ey out. We have to show them how our opportunity will deliver all three, and doing so will be a potential investment made by an investor in our firm or in a project. A Potential Investment can also be a huge project, which has a substantial impact on the environment. It can be a Hydroelectric project, Afforestation project, Building or widening roads, constructing a new airport, and Manufacturing cars. As these projects, have many impacts such as on environment, for profit of an investor, public convenience and many more. When a project is been started, they are many calculation done for different purpose, such as profit, low initial cost, higher efficiency of the project, easy maintenance, etc... In addition, for doing such calculation different numerical, theoretical, ratio analysis and analytical methods such as CBA (cost beneficial analysis) and CEA (cost effectiveness analysis) are been use. For this assignment, we select Afforestation of surplus agricultural land as our major project, which deals with planting of trees on land that did not carry forest for centuries, i.e. Afforestation is a clear shift in land use of a certain area. Afforestation in form of planting trees and future maintenance is an investment for landowner, and possible forgone revenues from Agriculture need to be included. Afforestation of former arable land will have many positive environmental effects. The change from agriculture to forestry means less input of pesticides and Fertilizers that may possibly leach to ground water reserves and the establishment of habitat for species associated with forest. Forest's also able to better retain nitrogen from arable use in the ecosystem, thereby avoiding eutrophication of water reserves. In this paper, we show how CBA can be used as a decision support mechanism for the location of new (urban) forestland, starting from the multifunctional role of these new forests. We start with a simple presentation of the Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) technique. Key features of these evaluation techniques are that (i) assess the monetary value of all benefits and cost (ii) the issue of discounting and (iii) the decision rules used in CBA. Finally, we apply the CBA to a real life policy problem. We investigate the net benefits per Hectare of combinations of potential forests that meet the surface restriction of 540 ha. We show the importance of including recreation benefits in the evaluation of afforestation projects and more specifically the role of alternative forests (substitutes) in the valuation of one specific Forest. We find that this substitution effect is significant in the decision

Formalist and Expressionist Concepts of Art Essay

Formalist and Expressionist Concepts of Art - Essay Example Clive Bell argues this point by stating that â€Å"to appreciate a work of art we need bring with us nothing from life, no knowledge of its ideas and affairs, no familiarity with its emotions† (cited in Warburton 10) This contention accurately depicts the â€Å"art for art’s sake† attitude taken by many artists and art critics subscribing to more formalist frameworks, which eschew the importance of representation and context in art production and art appreciation but judge the value of an art on its coherence, composition, and masterful use of forms.  The influence of formalism on artists and their work is particularly evident in the paintings of the old masters. Caravaggio’s fourteenth-century masterpiece â€Å"Bacchus,† for instance, which shows the ancient diety as a drunken young man in a reclining pose, is interesting in the formalist sense not because of the artists’ impressive ability for representation but for the manner by which th e painting itself draws attention to the contours and shapes of the human body, as well as the contribution of the colors used by Caravaggio to lend warmth, depth, and meaning to his work. In the painting, Caravaggio uses the traditional techniques of portraiture to present to present a well-composed, balanced picture of Bacchus trying to cover his naked torso with drapery while offering a goblet of wine either to the painter or to the painting’s viewers. This is achieved through the use of a color pallete dominated by muted red and green hues that direct the viewer’s attention to Bacchus’ face .... The influence of formalism on artists and their work is particularly evident in the paintings of the old masters. Caravaggio's fourteenth-century masterpiece "Bacchus," for instance, which shows the ancient diety as a drunken young man in a reclining pose, is interesting in the formalist sense not because of the artists' impressive ability for representation but for the manner by which the painting itself draws attention to the contours and shapes of the human body, as well as the contribution of the colors used by Caravaggio to lend warmth, depth, and meaning to his work. In the painting, Caravaggio uses the traditional techniques of portraiture to present to present a well-composed, balanced picture of Bacchus trying to cover his naked torso with drapery while offering a goblet of wine either to the painter or to the painting's viewers. This is achieved through the use of a color pallete dominated by muted red and green hues that direct the viewer's attention to Bacchus' face and t hen leads it to the hand offering the goblet. Likewise, Caravaggio uses mostly rounded shapes and contours that heighten the sense of organic, flowing quality of Bacchus' body, the wine, and the drapery. Caravaggio also creates depth by utilizing color techniques to create a sense of space within the painting using contrasts between light and dark colors. It is through the use of these elements that Caravaggio's picture of Bacchus becomes a thing of value in the formalist sense, since it is through the interaction between the forms in the painting that the artists' rendering of the deity evokes aesthetic feelings in the viewer. On the other

The Effects of Teacher Morale on Student Learning and Performance Research Paper

The Effects of Teacher Morale on Student Learning and Performance - Research Paper Example There are many reasons that can direct effects on morale of the teacher. For example, if the school management does not involve teachers in their decision making process, increased duties, limited assistance and the low salaries paid to highly educated teachers (Houchard, 2005). Moreover, the public criticism and ignorance by the students due to the parents support may also affect the morale of a teacher directly. Due to that, many of the teachers left this profession and even I am seriously considering leaving this profession due to the low morale. On the other hand, I have to complete the session with my students at school. While, I could easily provide meaningful learning to my students, but the low morale is affecting willingness, because of the school administration. In the studies by one source, morale is defined as it is the feeling of a worker that is based on the job and feeling about the job (Rowland, 2008). That feeling can be a mental attitude and emotional attitude. Likewise, teachers’ morale is also based on their feeling about their jobs and duties, which are most important to build the future of a student (Whitaker, Whitaker, & Lumpa, 2013). Since, I am a victim of low morale in the teaching career therefore, this action report aimed to seek out the empirical evidence on the relationship between teacher’s morale and its effects on the student’s performance, learning and achievements. During the past 15 years and so, the teacher’s education research helped in significant strides while studying the relationship between teacher’s morale, practices, beliefs impacts and student’s achievements. The significance of the teacher’s morale can be established through the performance and learning of the students; the benefits can easily figure out by the achievement levels of students. In the literature, there are many research studies conducted by many scholars of educational